Kirkuk

Kirkuk is a historic city in northern Iraq and the administrative centre of Kirkuk Governorate, known for its multicultural character and long history as a meeting point of Kurdish, Arab, Turkmen and Assyrian communities. Built along the Khasa River, it combines an ancient citadel, busy bazaars and a modern city shaped by Iraq's oil industry.

The city's history stretches back to ancient Arrapha, and its most recognisable landmark is the Kirkuk Citadel, rising about 40 metres above the city on an artificial mound. Within and around the citadel are sites such as the reputed tomb of the Prophet Daniel, while the surrounding area includes the Ottoman-era Qishla built in 1863, the Grand Bazaar, the Qaysariyah market and historic churches including the Red Church.

The old centre around the citadel and bazaar remains the heart of daily life, with textile stalls, spice shops and tea houses, while newer residential districts spread outward. Kirkuk's diversity is visible in its languages, food and traditions, with Kurdish, Arabic and Turkmen all widely spoken.

Kirkuk is closely linked to Iraq's energy economy. The Kirkuk oil field, discovered in 1927, is among the country's oldest and most important, and the Eternal Fire of Baba Gurgur burns nearby. The city continues to serve as a commercial and administrative hub, with much business travel connected to the energy sector and public institutions.

For visitors, Kirkuk offers a less-travelled view of Iraq through its historic architecture, lively markets and distinctive local cuisine. Its position in northern Iraq, within reach of Erbil, also makes it part of a wider journey through the region for both leisure and business travellers.